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Toe bones reveal a footwear fetish News in Science ABC Science,[url=http://www.duveticajacketsjp.com/][b]デュベチカ専売店[/b][/url]
"When you walk barefoot, your middle toes curl into the ground to give you traction as you push off," says anthropologist Professor Erik Trinkaus,[url=http://cheapnikesoccercleatsmercurial.webmium.com/][b]nike soccer cleats mercurial Discount Soccer Cleats[/b][/url], of Washington University in St Louis.
"If you regularly wear sandshoes,[url=http://woolricheliteparka.blogspot.com/][b]woolrich elite parka[b][/url], moccasins or any other type of shoe, you actually wind up pushing off with your big toe, with less force going through the middle toes," says Trinkaus, who is one of the world's leading experts on early human evolution.
Small toe bones are rare in the archaeological record, so Trinkaus and colleague Dr Hong Shang, of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, jumped at the chance to study the 40,000-year-old skeleton,[url=http://duveticaitaly.albirank.net/][b]DUVETICA Piumini Italy Vendita Duvetica Online Duvetica Sale Duvetica Coats Shop[/b][/url], which was found in Tianyuan Cave near Zhoukoudian, China.
The pair also analysed a recently found 27,500-year-old Russian skeleton with middle toe bones, as well as Neanderthal and modern Puebloan and Inuit skeletons,[url=http://www.duveticajacketsjp.com/][b]デュベティカダウンジャケット-デュベチカ（Duvetica）店舗-デュベティカアウトレット-デュベチカ通販-デュベチカ専売店[/b][/url], also with such bones.
The findings have been published in the latest online version of the Journal of Archaeological Science.
The researchers determined that both the Chinese and Russian individuals had more lightly built middle toe bones relative to their body size,[url=http://duveticaitaly.albirank.net/][b]Duvetica Coats[/b][/url].
FlashyThe Russian skeleton was also found with other individuals who had an abundance of ivory beads around their ankles and feet, suggesting these individuals likely wore some fairly flashy shoes.
To test the toe theory,[url=http://cheapnikesoccercleatsmercurial.webmium.com/][b]cheap nike soccer cleats mercurial Discount Soccer Cleats Clearance Cleats[/b][/url], the scientists conducted similar analysis on the more modern samples.
The habitually barefoot Native American Puebloan possessed much more robust middle toe bones.
The shoe-wearing Inuit, who had a very active lifestyle,[url=http://www.duveticajacketsjp.com/][b]デュベティカ激安[/b][/url], possessed semi-sturdy middle toe bones,[url=http://parajumperssale.webmium.com/][b]Parajumpers Jackets On Sale Parajumpers Parka Coat Online Store[/url], while the Neanderthal, with ultra-hefty middle toe bones,[url=http://www.duveticajacketsjp.com/][b]デュベチカ通販[/b][/url], showed no signs of having worn shoes.
Trinkaus says the date of the first footwear corresponds with an important time in human history,[url=http://newkevindurantshoes2012.blogspot.com/][b]http://newkevindurantshoes2012.blogspot.com/[/b][/url].
"A cultural evolution was starting," he says of the Paleolithic period.
"We start to see all kinds of changes, such as more elaborate toolkits and the beginnings of art. The findings about footwear are another piece in the puzzle."
Trenton Holliday, an associate professor of anthropology at Tulane University in New Orleans,[url=http://newkevindurantshoes2012.blogspot.com/][b]new kevin durant shoes 2012[/b][/url], says the toe bone comparison between ancient and more modern groups "gives credence to Trinkaus' position that one can determine whether prehistoric groups were shod, at least with rigid-soled shoes, by examining the robusticity of the [bones] of their lesser toes".
Holliday,[url=http://discountnikesoccershoes.webmium.com/][b]http://discountnikesoccershoes.webmium.com/[/b][/url], however,[url=http://parajumpersonsalestores.blogspot.com/][b]Parajumpers on Sale[/b][/url], doubts that Neanderthals were completely shoe-free.
"Considering that they lived in Europe primarily during glacial periods, I find it highly improbable that they did not wear some type of footwear,[url=http://www.duveticajacketsjp.com/][b]デュベティカ店舗[/b][/url]," he says.
"So what I think is most likely is that they wore some type of soft wraps on their feet that did not alter their locomotor biomechanics of their feet the way a stiff-soled shoe would."
Trinkaus agrees with Holliday's Neanderthal theory, although he suggests Neanderthals might have frequently gone barefoot too.
"Some individuals even today still don't wear shoes and live in very cold environments, such as in the hills of Eastern Bulgaria and Romania," he says.
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